An accurate and current course description helps students in their academic planning. Descriptions are published in the LSA Course Guide for distribution to LSA students at least one week before early registration. They are prefaced with the course number, title, prerequisite(s), and other information from the updated LSA Bulletin.

Descriptions generally begin with a statement of the subjects (topics, themes, methods, and include any recommended special background that is not already listed in the course prerequisite). Instructors usually indicate the basis of student evaluation (exams, papers, etc.); the texts which will be required; and the method(s) of instruction (lecture, lab, discussion).

University Time Schedule. A Time Schedule listing courses offered is published by the University Scheduling Office prior to each term. Students register and make course schedule changes through the registration system.

Key to Course Listings

Course numbers are part of a University-wide numbering system. Generally, courses numbered 100 to 199 are introductory, 200-299 are intermediate, and 300-499 are advanced (upper-level).

Reorganized or renumbered courses are denoted by a parenthetical number in boldface following the course number. When renumbering or reorganization has left the SUBJECT unchanged, only the previous course number is given; if the SUBJECT has also changed, the previous SUBJECT and course number appear. A reorganized or renumbered course cannot be repeated for credit without special permission.

Cross-listed courses are sponsored by more than one department or program and may be elected in any of the participating units. Cross-listings appear in boldface and are denoted by a slash between the participating units.

Course titles appear in boldface after the course number.

Prerequisites appear in italics after the course title.

• Course equivalence. Unless otherwise stated, the phrase "or equivalent" may be considered an implicit part of the prerequisite for any course. When a student has satisfactorily completed a course(s) believed to be substantially equivalent to one listed as a prerequisite, the student must consult the instructor or department. If equivalency is determined to have been satisfied, election may be approved.
• Permission of instructor. The phrase "or permission of instructor" may be considered an implicit part of the statement of prerequisites for any course. When permission is a stated requirement, or when a student does not have the stated prerequisite for a course but can give evidence of sufficient background, the student should obtain approval from the instructor or department concerned.

Excluded combinations of course elections are so designated in the listing of affected courses.

The Term Symbol, a Roman numeral, denotes the term(s) some courses are offered. The University year is divided into three terms: Fall (I), Winter (II), and Spring-Summer (III). The Spring-Summer Term is further divided: Spring-Half (IIIa) and Summer-Half (IIIb).

The Credit Symbol, an Arabic numeral in parentheses, denotes the credits earned for the course. Credit is granted in semester hours. Except for small seminars where the reading and/or writing requirements are intensive, one credit represents no less than one hour of class meeting time each week of the term, and usually represents two hours of work outside of class for each class hour.

Area distribution designation is approved by the LSA Curriculum Committee on a yearly basis. A course may be approved with the designation natural science (NS), social science (SS), humanities (HU), mathematical and symbolic analysis (MSA), creative expression (CE), or excluded from distribution (Excl).

Courses meeting certain college requirements are so listed. Language other than English (LR) courses may be used toward meeting the Language Requirement. The Introductory Composition requirement may be met by courses designated (Introductory Composition). Courses approved with the designation "Language Requirement" or "Introductory Composition" may not be used as part of an area distribution plan. If an introductory language course is designated "Excluded" (Excl), it may not be used to satisfy the LSA language requirement. (BS) means that the course may be used toward the 60 approved credits required for the B.S. degree. Courses meeting or partially meeting the Quantitative Reasoning requirement are designated (QR/1) or (QR/2). Courses with standard approval for meeting the Race & Ethnicity (R&E) requirement are so indicated. Other courses may meet the R&E or QR requirements on a term-by-term basis and are listed on the Student Academic Affairs website https://www.lsa.umich.edu/saa/.

Special Grading pattern for a course is so indicated in the course listing. Some LSA courses are offered mandatory credit/no credit. (See Non-Graded Courses in Chapter IV. )

Experiential, Independent Study, and Tutorial courses are so designated. (See Experiential and Directed Reading/Independent Study Courses in Chapter IV of the LSA Bulletin. )

Repetition of a course that varies in content from term to term is permitted only under certain conditions. When a department or program has a policy about the repetition of a course for credit, that policy is included in the course listing. The general statement "May be repeated for credit with permission" usually means "With permission of a concentration advisor." In all other instances, a student must get permission from both the department or program and the Academic Standards Board to repeat a course for credit. Generally, a course may be elected for credit once only.

Laboratory or other special fees are indicated when known, but are subject to change without notice.

CAEN Lab Access fee. Non-Engineering students and non-declared Computer Science/Applied Physics majors taking Engineering courses who require a CAEN account are eligible to purchase a CAEN account for the semester. The CAEN Lab Access fee is based on the tuition differential that Engineering students have to pay. The fee for 2001-02 (subject to change) was:

• $107 per academic term for non-Engineering/Computer Science freshmen and sophomores;
  
  
• $192 per academic term for juniors, seniors and graduate non-engineers.

This fee must be paid each term and only provides lab access for the current term. CAEN accounts enable students to log on to any CAEN lab workstation. CAEN Accounts which are purchased by non-engineering students will be billed directly to the student account.

A NOTE ON CLASS SIZE